resolution in this year (2010)

This year's resolution is :

1. Happy family, because my parents live just a Mam .. and also did not disappoint my brother ... 
2. Keeping my brother and would not scold him again ..... 
3. Always in the spirit of learning and will never despair ....
4. Being a better person again and try to always hone my skills and my shortfall ...
5. Can take classes with good grades and departments in IA.....

INTRODUCTORY IT

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

•   It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
•   It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
• It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
• It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
• It is dangerous to play with fire.
• It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

• To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
• To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
• To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)

When the subject is a gerund phrase

When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

• It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the anager won’t be any good.)
• It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
• Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good)
• It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.

It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.

Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBER OR NOT

Formal expressions:

•  I wonder if you remember..... 
• You remember...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten...., have you? 
•  Don’t you remember.....? 
•   Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

•  Let me think, yes, I remember.
•   I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that
• I’ll always remember.
•   I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

•  Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
•  I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

•  Hold on. Yes, got it!
•   I know.....
•  It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

•  Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
•   I’m affraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember. 
•   I’m afraid I have no memory of him
•  Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.
•   Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..

It was Sunday morning, wati got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her mother was a little puzzled.

Mother             : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?

Wati                 : Yes, Mom. I overslept. I’m in a hurry

Mother             : You remember Sunday, don’t you?

Wati                 : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

VOCABS AROUND THE HOUSE

Lets study about vocabs arround the house

 

 Other Rooms

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat.
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

Things you may find around the house

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

chiela : Would you like a cup of tea, Mr, Owyedz?

Mrs. zhezhe : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......

chiela : thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
• Would you care some salad?

Ofering to friends:

• Want some?
• Have some?
• Chocolate?
• Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:

• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don't you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Declining an offering

• No, thanks.
• No, really won't, thanks
• Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:

• Thank you.
• Yes, please
• I'd like it very much
• That would be very nice

PREPOSITIONS "IN, ON, AND AT"

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

at	in	on
PRECISE TIME	MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS	DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock	in May	on Sunday
at 10.30am	in summer	on Tuesdays
at noon	in the summer	on 6 March
at dinnertime	in 1990	on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime	in the 1990s	on Christmas Day
at sunrise	in the next century	on Independence Day
at sunset	in the Ice Age	on my birthday
at the moment	in the past/future	on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

• I have a meeting at 9am.
• The shop closes at midnight.
• Jane went home at lunchtime.
• In England, it often snows in December.
• Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
• There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
• Do you work on Mondays?
• Her birthday is on 20 November.
• Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:

Expression	Example
at night	The stars shine at night.
at the weekend	I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas/Easter	I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time	We finished the test at the same time.
at present	He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

in	on
in the morning	on Tuesday morning
in the mornings	on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s)	on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s)	on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

• I went to London last June. (not in last June)
• He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
• I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
• We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech is discussion which its voice is direct listen than one who converse.
Example: She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations. “Or“ Today’s
lesson is on presentations," she said .

Indirect speech is discussion which its voice is indirectly listened or who converse but submitted to other with utterance which is not similar but some … and objectives.
Example: "I'm going to the cinema", he said. Or He said he was going to
the cinema.

# Direct speech and indirect speech
- Present simple She said, "its cold."
- Past simple She said it was cold.
- Present continuous She said, "I'm teaching English online."
- Past continuous She said she was teaching English online.
- Present perfect simple She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
- Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
- Present perfect continuous She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years." - Past perfect continuous She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
- Past simple She said, "I taught online yesterday.“
- Past perfect She said she had taught online yesterday.
- Past continuous She said, "I was teaching earlier."
- Past perfect continuous She said she had been Teacher earning.
- Past perfect She said, "The lesson had already Started when he
arrived.“
- Past perfect She said the lesson Already started when he arrived.
- Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching For five
minutes."
- Past perfect continuous She said she’d already been teacher Or five minutes.

Direct speech and Indirect speech
- Will She said, "I'll teach English
- Would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
- Can She said, "I can teach English online”.
- Could She said she could teach English online.
- Must She said, "I must have a computer to Teach English
online."
- Had to She said she had to have a computer To teach English online.
- Shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"
- Should She asked what we should learn Today.
- May She said, "May I open a new browser?"
- Might She asked if she might open a new browser.

~ There are three kinds of indirect speech:
1. Command.
Example: - Help me please.
- Ade asked Intan to help her
2. Question.
Example: - Siti asked “are you a journalist “?
- Siti asked if / whether I was a journalist.
3. Statement
Example: - I’m reading a harry potters novel.
- Lisa said that she was reading a harry potters novel.

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

• Could you tell me...?
• Do you know...?
• Do you happen to know...?
• I'd like to know...
• Could you find out...?
• I'm interested in...
• I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

• I'm calling to find out...
• I'm calling about...

NEWS ITEM

News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

The porpose of a news item is to inform the listener or viewers about events of the day whice are considered newsworthy or important.

Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

♠Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

♠Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

♠Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

♣Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.

♣Generally using Simple Past Tense .

♣Use of Material Processes to retell the event.

♣Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

♣Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell

♣Focus on Circumstances

 

Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

Example: Town ‘Contaminated’

Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004

Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.

3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis

Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

4.To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.

Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

5.Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in India.

Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in India

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, AND CONGRATULATION

Gratitude

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

To Express Gratitude You Can Say :

• Thank you

• I’m greatful

• I want to thank …

• I want to express my gratitude to …

• I keep forgetting to thank you for …

• Thanks

• Thank you for calling.

• That was very kind of you.

• It was very nice of you to help me.

• How can I ever thank you?

• I can’t thank you enough.

• I really appreciate what you’ve done for my family.

• Can I show my appreciation by buying you a cup of tea?

Respone of Expressing :

• You are welcome

• Don’t mention it

• Not at all

• It was nothing at all

• No problem

• Glad to be help

• It’s OK.

• Thank you.

• No need to thank me.

• It was my pleasure

Example

An elderly woman (EW) is talking with a young boy (YB) who helped her.

EW : Michael, it was very kind of you to carry my

groceries for me. Thank you very much.

YB : Aw, it’s O.K, Mrs. Phillips. I know it’s pretty

hard for you. It’s no trouble for me.

EW : Let’s see. Can I show my appreciation by

offering you some cookies and milk?

YB : Wow! Really? That’s great. Thanks.

EW : O.K. Well, come in. You’re a good friend.

Compliment

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.

You compliment someone,
for example :

• On his / her general appearance
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• When you visit someone’s
• House for the first time
• When other people do their best

Complimenting:

• What a nice dress!

• You look great.

• You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.

• I really must express my admiration for your dance.

• Good grades!

• Excellent!

• Nice work!

• Good job!

• You are good at …, aren’t you?

• You … very well, don’t you?

• You’re a wonderful …, aren’t you?

• You’re a great …, aren’t you?

• I’m really impressed with your ….

• I’m very impressed with your ….

Respone Of Expressing :

• Thanks.

• Really? Thanks.

• It’s very kind of you to say so.

• Oh, I wouldn’t say that.

Example

A : You’re very good at sewing, aren’t you?

B : Oh, I wouldn’t say that.

A : I’m very impressed with your speech,

Ms Dixon.

B : Really. It’s very kind of you to say so,

Ms Green.

Congratulation

Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

To express congratulation
you can say :

• Let me congratulate you

• Congratulation on your success

• Good

• That’s great

• Isn’t that wonderful

• How fortunate

• Splendid

• Congratulating

• Congratulations!

• Congratulations on your new job.

• Let me congratulate you on your new position.

• Let me say congratulations on winning the first prize in the tournament.

• I’d like to say congratulations. You did a great job.

• Happy birthday!

• Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!

• Merry Christmas!

• Happy New Year!

• Happy Valentine!

Happy anniversary!

Respone of expressing :

• Thank you

• Thanks, I needed that

• That’s very kind of you

• You’ve made my day

• Some to you

• Thanks a lot.

• Thank you very much.

Example

Roy : Who won the football match

yesterday?

Tom : Our team did. We won three to one

Roy : Congratulation. I’m glad to hear it

Tom : Thank you

SURPRISES AND DISBELIEFS

Surprise and Disbeliefs

To express surprise! That’s a surprise

- What a surprise! That’s a surprise

- (Well), that’s very surprising!

- Really?

- What

- Are you serious? You must be joking!

- You’re kidding!

- Fancy that!

- I must say … surprises me

- I find that hard to believe

Example of expressing surprise

A : I can’t believe it!

B : That’s true

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

- Do you know what

- Believe it or not

- You may not believe it, but

- Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :

- Really?

- Are you joking?

- Oh?

- Where? Show me

NOUN PHRASE

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

- Structure of Noun Phrases:

• A beautiful old painting on the wall

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.

Example : We just spoke with a young American boy

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.

Example : Passing the exam watching TV

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice
Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verb using this construction and the passages in which they are used.


When rewriting active sentences in passive voices note the following:
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
- The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + pas participate)
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

 Agent
In a passive clause, we usually we a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent-the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens

Example :
My Mother makes sandwich every morning
Subject + V1+ S/es + O + C(adv. Of time)

Sandwich is made by my mother every morning
Subject + to be + V3 agent C(adv. Of time)

Present Continuous :
S + to be + being + V3 (past participle)

Present Perfect :
S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)

Present Continuous :
Active : A young boy is catching a butterfly
Passive : A butter fly is being caught by a young boy

FINITE VERBS

Finite Verbs
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!

A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)

Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).

Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work
THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)
Source : International Story

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals In The Past Form

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall
*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Nia : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?
Perhaps she could help you.
*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.


*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Yoan : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lia : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.
*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Lady : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Nita : No, Not at all.
*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nisa : Ima , you should go to library now ?
Ima : O.k.