NEWS ITEM

News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

The porpose of a news item is to inform the listener or viewers about events of the day whice are considered newsworthy or important.

Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

♠Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

♠Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

♠Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

♣Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline.

♣Generally using Simple Past Tense .

♣Use of Material Processes to retell the event.

♣Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

♣Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell

♣Focus on Circumstances

 

Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

Example: Town ‘Contaminated’

Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

2. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004

Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.

3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis

Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

4.To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.

Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

5.Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in India.

Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in India

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT, AND CONGRATULATION

Gratitude

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

To Express Gratitude You Can Say :

• Thank you

• I’m greatful

• I want to thank …

• I want to express my gratitude to …

• I keep forgetting to thank you for …

• Thanks

• Thank you for calling.

• That was very kind of you.

• It was very nice of you to help me.

• How can I ever thank you?

• I can’t thank you enough.

• I really appreciate what you’ve done for my family.

• Can I show my appreciation by buying you a cup of tea?

Respone of Expressing :

• You are welcome

• Don’t mention it

• Not at all

• It was nothing at all

• No problem

• Glad to be help

• It’s OK.

• Thank you.

• No need to thank me.

• It was my pleasure

Example

An elderly woman (EW) is talking with a young boy (YB) who helped her.

EW : Michael, it was very kind of you to carry my

groceries for me. Thank you very much.

YB : Aw, it’s O.K, Mrs. Phillips. I know it’s pretty

hard for you. It’s no trouble for me.

EW : Let’s see. Can I show my appreciation by

offering you some cookies and milk?

YB : Wow! Really? That’s great. Thanks.

EW : O.K. Well, come in. You’re a good friend.

Compliment

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.

You compliment someone,
for example :

• On his / her general appearance
• If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• When you visit someone’s
• House for the first time
• When other people do their best

Complimenting:

• What a nice dress!

• You look great.

• You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.

• I really must express my admiration for your dance.

• Good grades!

• Excellent!

• Nice work!

• Good job!

• You are good at …, aren’t you?

• You … very well, don’t you?

• You’re a wonderful …, aren’t you?

• You’re a great …, aren’t you?

• I’m really impressed with your ….

• I’m very impressed with your ….

Respone Of Expressing :

• Thanks.

• Really? Thanks.

• It’s very kind of you to say so.

• Oh, I wouldn’t say that.

Example

A : You’re very good at sewing, aren’t you?

B : Oh, I wouldn’t say that.

A : I’m very impressed with your speech,

Ms Dixon.

B : Really. It’s very kind of you to say so,

Ms Green.

Congratulation

Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

To express congratulation
you can say :

• Let me congratulate you

• Congratulation on your success

• Good

• That’s great

• Isn’t that wonderful

• How fortunate

• Splendid

• Congratulating

• Congratulations!

• Congratulations on your new job.

• Let me congratulate you on your new position.

• Let me say congratulations on winning the first prize in the tournament.

• I’d like to say congratulations. You did a great job.

• Happy birthday!

• Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!

• Merry Christmas!

• Happy New Year!

• Happy Valentine!

Happy anniversary!

Respone of expressing :

• Thank you

• Thanks, I needed that

• That’s very kind of you

• You’ve made my day

• Some to you

• Thanks a lot.

• Thank you very much.

Example

Roy : Who won the football match

yesterday?

Tom : Our team did. We won three to one

Roy : Congratulation. I’m glad to hear it

Tom : Thank you

SURPRISES AND DISBELIEFS

Surprise and Disbeliefs

To express surprise! That’s a surprise

- What a surprise! That’s a surprise

- (Well), that’s very surprising!

- Really?

- What

- Are you serious? You must be joking!

- You’re kidding!

- Fancy that!

- I must say … surprises me

- I find that hard to believe

Example of expressing surprise

A : I can’t believe it!

B : That’s true

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

- Do you know what

- Believe it or not

- You may not believe it, but

- Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expression :

- Really?

- Are you joking?

- Oh?

- Where? Show me

NOUN PHRASE

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

- Structure of Noun Phrases:

• A beautiful old painting on the wall

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.

Example : We just spoke with a young American boy

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.

Example : Passing the exam watching TV

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice
Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verb using this construction and the passages in which they are used.


When rewriting active sentences in passive voices note the following:
- The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
- The finite form of the verb is changed (to be + pas participate)
- The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

 Agent
In a passive clause, we usually we a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent-the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens

Example :
My Mother makes sandwich every morning
Subject + V1+ S/es + O + C(adv. Of time)

Sandwich is made by my mother every morning
Subject + to be + V3 agent C(adv. Of time)

Present Continuous :
S + to be + being + V3 (past participle)

Present Perfect :
S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)

Present Continuous :
Active : A young boy is catching a butterfly
Passive : A butter fly is being caught by a young boy

FINITE VERBS

Finite Verbs
A finite verbs is a verb that is inflected for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clouse must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for you help! Has an interjection where it could have a subject and a fibite verb form compare I appreciate your help!

A verb is a world that expression an occurrence, act, or made, of being, finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb forms that are not finite include the infinite
Participles (e.g, the broken window..!, The wheezing gentleman…”)

Gerunds and gerundives
English has three kinds of verbals : participles, which function as adjectives, which have noun-like, adjective –like, and adverb-like functions each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in farming the perfect aspect (to have done).

Other kinds of verbals, such as gerunds and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example :
The Finite verbs are the under lived work
THE CROWN AND THE FOX
One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese she picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it. (…)
Source : International Story

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals In The Past Form

Modals in the Past form dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kata bantu pengandaian dalam bentuk lampau.
Modals in the past are :
1. Could
2. Would
3. Should
4. Shall
*Could + Verb base
We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.
Example :
Nia : I’m having trouble with math.
Rizki : Why don’t you ask Novita ?
Perhaps she could help you.
*Might + Verb base
Use might to tell possibillities.
Example :
Helda : Why is Rio taking the bus to get home.
Fany : He might get a flat time.


*Would + verb base
Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Yoan : What did you usually do on holidays ?
Lia : I would visit my grandparents In the village, but how not anymore.
*Would + Mind + V-ing
Use would to express polite request.
Example :
Mrs. Lady : Would you mind posting the letter ?
Nita : No, Not at all.
*Should + Verb base
Example :
Nisa : Ima , you should go to library now ?
Ima : O.k.